In the homeostatic control of blood sugar level,which organs function respectively as modulator and effector?

a)islets of langerhans and hypothalamus


b)hypothalamus and islets of langerhans


c)hypothalamus and liver


d)liver and islets of langerhansIn the homeostatic control of blood sugar level,which organs function respectively as modulator and effector?
I am afraid, Mickey got it wrong. The answer is D. Here is how it works (briefly):





After a carbohydrate rich meal, rising blood glucose levels cause the excretion of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas. In response, body cells increase their uptake of glucose, while the liver also takes up glucose, converts it into glycogen and stores it. (Glucose, not insulin!!!) consequently, blood glucose levels drop and the ';equilibrium'; is once again attained. In case of lowered blood glucose levels, the alpha cells of the pancreas releases glucagon into the blood stream, which activates the conversion of glycogen into glucose. Glucose is then released into the blood stream from the liver (not insulin) and can be now taken up by cells.





The problem in diabetes mellitus is that there is no insulin released from the pancreas. In turn, glucose is being excreted by the kidney. Effects: dehydration, excessive thirst and large amounts of urine, fat being used as fuel and acetic metabolites lower blood pH.





Type I (insulin dependent) diabetes would be an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks beta cells. As a result, patients can't produce insulin and have to take insulin (e.g., injections). Type II (non-insulin dependent)is a commonly occuring adverse change in insulin receptors. It often is associated with old age and accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases. Treatement here is excercise and diet.





Hope this helps. By the way, another good place to find this stuff is a bio text book, like the Campbell. (Don't want to deprive you of the joys of doing your homework...)In the homeostatic control of blood sugar level,which organs function respectively as modulator and effector?
Obviously, the answer is C, since insulin is released from the liver.